1985 ...
After graduation, I started working at the TU Munich, Institute of Radiochemistry, Garching (RCM). Main focus: - Migration of neptunium (Np-237) in salt domes - actinide chemistry, handling of open radioactivity - open α-β-γ-emitters, spectroscopy; this were my everyday tools. Background of all work was to answer the repository question, even for highly radioactive heat-generating wastes from reprocessing (WAK), too.
In Mol/Belgium, PAMELA was commissioned, it was a pilot facility for vitrification of highly radioactive waste (HAW) from the plutonium and uranium recycling, so called PUREX process. Corresponding aerosol samples were investigated from me by scanning electron microscopy. In the analytical SEM-EDX discipline I became a specialist and - a little bit later - head of surface analysis: high level radioactive substances (up to Curie-scales) and in few-µm-ranges were described chemically and structurally (e.g. epsilon phases, CRUD, vitrification residues, pure isotopic fission nuclides).
After six years of radioactive work, Philips Kommunikations-Industrie AG (PKI) offered me the position of the laboratory manager in the quality assurance department. My responsibilities at PKI included monitoring the manufacturing process. The field of environmental protection tasks belonged to my responsibility field, too. In manufacturing, the electroplating was monitored and controlled; it was important for printed circuit board production, and external suppliers were audited by me — this was the firs half of my business period, in Nuremberg.
During the second half, I worked at LinoNorm in Nuremberg. I moved to LinoNorm because the company wanted to gain a foothold in the field of exploration and remediation of contaminated sites. Previously, LinoNorm had been active in the asbestos sector, an I had deep experience in electron microscopy . In the two years I was with LinoNorm, besides the microscopy, I set up the analysis laboratory for contaminated sites and buildings. Furthermore I took on the task and responsibility of radiation protection officer for LinoNorm GmbH. The founded chemical analysis laboratory was successfully put into operation.
Conventional analytics was very interesting - but nevertheless, I was drawn back to radiochemistry and to Garching; the nuclear technology was more exciting and challenging. In addition, my gained industrial experience was very valuable for the TU Munich, Garching, at that time: the services of the radiochemistry laboratory were to be offered to industry. During this time, new and highly sensitive analytical methods were developed for radionuclides that could not be detected by gamma spectrometry. The methods became part of the laboratory routine. They were applied in cooperation with TÜV SUED and NAGRA, Switzerland..
In 2003, a research and development project on fuel conditioning of the in Germany installed SUR-100 training reactors started, dealing with the disposal of 20 % enriched nuclear fuel. The process I developed was successfully applied, including conditioning of AKR training reactor fuel (TU Dresden); see publication in atw 04-2009. In 2010, the work concluded with the conditioning of the AGN-201-P training reactor core of the Paul Scherrer Institute PSI, Switzerland. For more information see the final report from BMBF project.
Furthermore, CRUD deposits on BWR fuel rods were investigated from 2008 to 2010. Aim of the investigations was the Improvement of the radiological situation during power plant operation and the maintenance shutdowns.
In 2011, I started my work in power plant chemistry, at the Gundremmingen nuclear power plant. Until 2017, one of my main activities was the continuous improvement of the plant radiology at this boiling water reactor double unit plant.The chemical and radiochemical parameters were continuously monitored and improved during power operation and the results of the CRUD investigations were successfully implemented. During routine shutdowns (maintenance), the success of the improvements was confirmed. Major positive impacts on the overall radiological performance of the water-steam cycle were achieved. Successes were published in 2017 and 2018; see my publications.
In addition, from 2013 to 2016, I was in charge of investigating the options for chemical decontamination of the power plant water-steam cycles (concept study on "Full System Decontamination", FSD). Two bachelor's theses and one master's thesis were completed as part of this study. The investigations and studies were the basis for the decontamination measures in the primary system of the reactor units, after the end of power operation (from 2022).
From 2017, I was offered the position of the subdivision manager "Monitoring Chemistry". Under my direction, extensive investigations were carried out at the electrochemical decontamination facility. The decontamination plant was located at the Gundremmingen Technology Center, and from 2019 to 2021 the overall chemical process was audited. Measures were derived from the audits that will enable process chemical service lives to be greatly extended. Implementation of the performed measures made it possible to improve the disposal of the secondary waste produced; this involves neutralization products, formed from the aggressive acids and the dissolved steel components iron, chromium and nickel.
In 2021, with the final shutdown of the Gundremmingen nuclear power plant, I had the opportunity to retire.
I started working as a freelance expert. Therfore in the beginning of 2022, I started participation in a study programme at the European Institute for Vocational Education. In the same year I graduated and I became an
EU-certified Expert specialising in Chemistry and Radiochemistry in Engineering and Nuclear Technologies.
Since 2022 practical and very actual experience is available: for example, in 2023, a series of Laser Ablation tests were carried out on various sample materials from nuclear components that were actually contaminated — real contaminations, built up during power operation over several decades. The decontamination factors against various nuclides were determined. Laser ablation can therefore be compared very favourably with classic decontamination methods, such as abrasive methods and electrochemical decontamination (electropolishing).
One of my current focuses is on new and more economical methods for surface decontamination. The aim is to reduce dismantling costs.
Furthermore my experience from 4 decades of professional experience forms the basis for my seminar activities. Subject of my lectures: "Radioactivity: ➽ Where does it come from? ➽ Where does it go? ➽ How do we remove it?" — about build-up of contaminants, discharge into nuclear plant components (contamination), decontamination: techniques for nuclear dismantling.
Just ask me, I will be happy to help you!
Frank Klein
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